The core of quantum systems lies in "quantum states." For instance, superconducting qubits require operation at extremely low temperatures around-273°C. Even minimal air molecules or electromagnetic radiation can cause collisions with qubits, leading to "decoherence" —the loss of their quantum property of being "entangled" in both 0 and 1 states simultaneously. Consequently, devices such as quantum computers, quantum communication satellites, and quantum sensors must operate in ultra-high vacuum environments with pressures over a billion times lower than Earth's atmosphere (equivalent to space-level vacuum) to ensure stable qubit performance.

How high are the technical requirements?

Ultra-high vacuum performance: Must achieve 10⁻⁹ to 10⁻¹¹ mbar levels (equivalent to only one air molecule entering every 1,000 years), requiring metal seals (e.g., copper, aluminum) instead of traditional rubber seals (which are prone to gas leakage and low-temperature intolerance). Low-temperature resistance: Capable of stable operation at-269°C (liquid helium temperature) without brittleness. Rapid response: Switching time under 1 second to meet the "frequent chamber state switching" demands in quantum experiments. Long-term stability: Quantum systems require continuous operation for months or even years, necessitating extremely low valve leakage and gas release rates (e.g., 10⁻¹² mbar L/s).